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sections 1 Earth in Space 2 Time and Seasons Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity 3 Earth’s Moon Lab Identifying the Moon’s Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites Are there tides in a deser t ? Did you know the Moon exerts gravitational force on Earth? On Earth, the Moon’s gravita- tional attraction is evidenced as tides in oceans and seas. Even in the desert, the Moon’s gravity influences the flexing of tectonic plates. Research to discover what landforms or events are affected by the Moon’s gravitational force on Earth. Science Journal 184 184 The Earth-Moon- Sun System Richard Cummins/CORBIS
32

The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Mar 29, 2023

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Transcript
Page 1: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

sections

1 Earth in Space

2 Time and SeasonsLab Comparing the Angle ofSunlight to Intensity

3 Earthrsquos MoonLab Identifying the MoonrsquosSurface Features and ApolloLanding Sites

Are there tides in a deser tDid you know the Moon exerts gravitationalforce on Earth On Earth the Moonrsquos gravita-tional attraction is evidenced as tides inoceans and seas Even in the desert theMoonrsquos gravity influences the flexing oftectonic plates

Research to discover what landformsor events are affected by the Moonrsquos gravitational force on EarthScience Journal

184184

The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Richard CumminsCORBIS

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ch870span

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870HCSummary

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185185

Earth Sun and Moon Makethe following Foldable to helporganize what you learn aboutthe Earth-Moon-Sun system

Fold a sheet ofpaper vertically fromside to side Makethe front edge about12

inch longer thanthe back edge

Turn lengthwiseand fold into thirds

Unfold and cut only the top layeralong both folds to make three tabs

Label each tab

Questions As you read the chapter write whatyou learn about each body under the correct tabof your Foldable After you read the chapternote the many ways that the three affect eachother

STEP 4

STEP 3

STEP 2

STEP 1

Relative Sizes of Earth the Moonand the SunCan you picture the relative sizes of Earth theMoon and the Sun Earth is about four timeslarger than the Moon in diameter but theSun is much larger than either The Sunrsquosdiameter is about 100 times that of Earth andabout 400 times that of the Moon In this Labyoursquoll investigate the relative sizes of all threeobjects

1 Get permission to draw some circles on asidewalk or paved area with chalk Youcould also use a stick to draw circles on adirt playing field

2 Select a scale that will enable you to drawcircles that will represent each objectHint Using 1 cm for the Moonrsquos diameter isa good start

3 Use a meterstick to draw a circle with a 1-cm diameter for the Moon

4 Now draw two more circles to representEarth and the Sun

5 Think Critically In your Science Journalexplain how the Moon and the Sun canappear to be about the same size in thesky Think about how things look smallerthe farther they are from you

Start-Up Activities

Preview this chapterrsquos contentand activities at gpesciencecom

Sun MoonEarth

Richard CumminsCORBIS

186 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Size and ShapeLike most people you are aware that Earth is round like a

ball But can you prove that this is true If you jump up youknow that yoursquoll come back down but why is this so What is theforce that brings you down You may have used a compass to telldirections but do you know how a compass works You willlearn the answers to these questions and also about many phys-ical characteristics of Earth in this section

Ancient Measurements Earthrsquos shape is similar to a sphereA sphere is a round three-dimensional object the surface ofwhich is the same distance from the center in all directions Evenancient astronomers knew that Earth is spherical in shape Wehave pictures of Earth from space that show us that it is spheri-cal but how could astronomers from long ago have learned thisThey used evidence from observations

Aristotle was one of these early astronomers He made threedifferent observations that indicated that Earthrsquos shape is spher-ical First as shown in Figure 1 no matter where you are onEarth objects fall straight down to the surface as if they arefalling toward the center of a sphere Second Earthrsquos shadow onthe Moon during a lunar eclipse is always curved If Earthwerenrsquot spherical this might not always be the case For exam-ple a flat disk casts a straight-edged shadow sometimes Finallypeople in different parts of the world see different stars abovetheir horizons More specifically the pole star Polaris is lower inthe sky at some locations on Earth than at others

Earth in Space

Figure 1 Objects fall towardEarthrsquos centerInfer How would apples fall fromtrees if Earth were shaped like a cube

Reading Guide

Compare and contrast Earthrsquosphysical characteristics with thoseof other planets

Explain Earthrsquos magnetic field Describe Earthrsquos movement in

space and how eclipses occur

Gravity from the Earth-Moon-Sunsystem directly affects what itrsquos liketo live here on Earth

Review Vocabularyorbit curved path of one objectsuch as the Moon around anotherobject such as Earth

New Vocabulary

bull sphere bull ellipse

bull gravity

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 187

Everyday Evidence of Earthrsquos Shape What have youseen other than pictures from space that indicates Earthrsquosshape Think about walking toward someone over a hill Firstyou see the top of the personrsquos head and then you can see moreand more of that person Similarly if you sail toward a light-house you first see the top of the lighthouse and then see moreand more of it as you move over Earthrsquos curved surface

You can see other evidence too Just like ancientastronomers you can see for yourself that objects always fallstraight down Today however we know more about gravityGravity is the attractive force between two objects that dependson the masses of the objects and the distance between themAstronomers think Earth formed by the accumulation ofinfalling objects toward a central mass Energy released in theimpacts kept the growing Earth molten Gravity caused it toform into the most stable shape a sphere In this shape the pullof gravity toward the center of the planet is the same in all direc-tions If a planet is massive enough the pull of gravity could beso strong that even tall mountains would collapse under theirown weight Table 1 lists some of Earthrsquos other properties

How does the pull of gravity indicate that Earthrsquosshape is spherical

Table 1 Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Mass 598 1024 kg

Average density 552 gcm3

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Period of rotation 23 h 56 min

Period of revolution 365 days 6 h 9 min

Topic Comparing Earth toOther PlanetsVisit for Weblinks to information about howEarth is similar to and differentfrom other planets in the solarsystem

Activity Make a table that liststhe similarities and differences ofMercury Venus Earth and Mars

gpesciencecom

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188 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Magnetic FieldEarth has a magnetic field that protects us from harmful radi-

ation from the Sun Scientists hypothesize that Earthrsquos rotationand movement of matter in the core set up a strong magneticfield in and around Earth This field resembles that surroundinga bar magnet shown in Figure 2 Earthrsquos magnetic field is con-centrated at two ends of an imaginary magnetic axis runningfrom Earthrsquos north magnetic pole to its south magnetic pole Thisaxis is tilted about 115deg from Earthrsquos geographic axis of rotation

Wandering Poles The locations of Earthrsquos magnetic poleschange slowly over time Large-scale movements called polarwandering are thought to be caused by movements in Earthrsquoscrust and upper mantle The magnetic north pole is carefullyremapped periodically to pinpoint its location

The Aurora An area within Earthrsquos magnetic field called themagnetosphere deflects harmful radiation coming from theSun a stream of particles called solar wind Some of theseejected particles from the Sun produce other charged particlesin Earthrsquos outer atmosphere These charged particles spiral alongEarthrsquos magnetic field lines toward Earthrsquos magnetic poles Therethey collide with atoms in the atmosphere These collisionscause the atoms to emit light This light is called the auroraborealis (northern lights) in the northern hemisphere and theaurora australis (southern lights) in the southern hemisphere

Earth Orbits the SunEarth orbits the Sun at an average distance of

149600000 km Its orbit like those of all the planets moonsasteroids and many cometsis shaped like an ellipse Anellipse is an elongated closedcurve with two foci The Sunis not located at the center ofthe ellipse but at one of itstwo foci This means the dis-tance from Earth to the Sunvaries during the year Earthis closest to the Sunmdashabout147 million km awaymdasharound January 3 and is far-thest from the Sunmdashabout152 million km awaymdasharound July 4 of each year

Van Allen Belts The mag-netosphere lies above theouter layers of Earthrsquosatmosphere Within thismagnetosphere are belts ofcharged particles known asthe Van Allen belts Theycontain thin plasma com-posed of protons (innerbelt) and electrons (outerbelt) that are trapped byEarthrsquos magnetic fieldResearch how the magne-tosphere protects Earthfrom the solar wind andwhy the Van Allen beltsare hazardous to astro-nauts and satellites Reportyour findings to the class

Magnetic axisMagnetic axis

Van Allen beltsVan Allen belts

N

S

Figure 2 Like a common barmagnet Earth also has north andsouth magnetic poles The innerand outer gold shells respectivelyrepresent the positive and nega-tive Van Allen BeltsExplain why the Van Allen Beltsare shaped as they are

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 189

Self Check1 Identify two pieces of evidence that prove Earthrsquos

spherical shape

2 Define the term gravity

3 Explain what produces Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Describe how Venus and Earth are similar

5 Think Critically Evidence indicates that Mars once hadliquid water on its surface Discuss some possiblereasons why it has none today

SummaryEarthrsquos Size and Shape

bull Earth has a spherical shape

bull Gravity causes very large objects in space toform spheres

Earthrsquos Magnetic Field

bull Earthrsquos magnetic field protects life onEarthrsquos surface from harmful radiation

bull Interaction of the solar wind with Earthrsquosmagnetic field produces the aurora

Earth Orbits the Sun

bull Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit

bull Earth and Venus are similar in size and bothhave atmospheres that contain carbon dioxide

6 Calculate Speed Earthrsquos circumference at the equatoris 40075 km If it spins once each day what is thespeed of spinning in kmh

Earth as a Planet Earth is a planet just as Venus Mars andJupiter are planets However Earth is the only planet whosecharacteristics make it possible for life as we know it to survive

Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet Earthand Venus are nearly the same size and both have atmospheresthat contain carbon dioxide although in greatly differentamounts Earthrsquos oceans shown in Figure 3 absorbed much ofthe carbon dioxide in Earthrsquos early atmosphere Also Venusrsquosatmosphere is much denser than Earthrsquos with pressures as highas those encountered by submarines in Earthrsquos oceans at depthof 900 m

Another difference is the surface temperatures On Earth youcan walk outside and feel how cold or warm it is However tem-perature on Venus is over 450degC This high temperature is causedby the large amount of carbon dioxide in Venusrsquos atmospherewhich traps heat energy and prevents it from escaping Thinkabout what life on Earth might be like with more carbon dioxidein the atmosphere

What feature of Earthrsquos surface has led to such adifference between Earth and Venus

Although Mars is almost half the size of Earth its surfacegravitational pull is less than two-fifths that of Earthrsquos Yet con-ditions there are more like those on Earth than any other planetin the solar system Mars may even have frozen water near itssurface Mercury is very different from Earth it has no atmos-phere and is cratered like Earthrsquos moon

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Figure 3 By absorbing carbondioxide oceans protect Earth fromexperiencing a greenhouse effectlike that on Venus

NASA

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190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

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Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

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194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

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Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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13672261

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 2: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

185185

Earth Sun and Moon Makethe following Foldable to helporganize what you learn aboutthe Earth-Moon-Sun system

Fold a sheet ofpaper vertically fromside to side Makethe front edge about12

inch longer thanthe back edge

Turn lengthwiseand fold into thirds

Unfold and cut only the top layeralong both folds to make three tabs

Label each tab

Questions As you read the chapter write whatyou learn about each body under the correct tabof your Foldable After you read the chapternote the many ways that the three affect eachother

STEP 4

STEP 3

STEP 2

STEP 1

Relative Sizes of Earth the Moonand the SunCan you picture the relative sizes of Earth theMoon and the Sun Earth is about four timeslarger than the Moon in diameter but theSun is much larger than either The Sunrsquosdiameter is about 100 times that of Earth andabout 400 times that of the Moon In this Labyoursquoll investigate the relative sizes of all threeobjects

1 Get permission to draw some circles on asidewalk or paved area with chalk Youcould also use a stick to draw circles on adirt playing field

2 Select a scale that will enable you to drawcircles that will represent each objectHint Using 1 cm for the Moonrsquos diameter isa good start

3 Use a meterstick to draw a circle with a 1-cm diameter for the Moon

4 Now draw two more circles to representEarth and the Sun

5 Think Critically In your Science Journalexplain how the Moon and the Sun canappear to be about the same size in thesky Think about how things look smallerthe farther they are from you

Start-Up Activities

Preview this chapterrsquos contentand activities at gpesciencecom

Sun MoonEarth

Richard CumminsCORBIS

186 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Size and ShapeLike most people you are aware that Earth is round like a

ball But can you prove that this is true If you jump up youknow that yoursquoll come back down but why is this so What is theforce that brings you down You may have used a compass to telldirections but do you know how a compass works You willlearn the answers to these questions and also about many phys-ical characteristics of Earth in this section

Ancient Measurements Earthrsquos shape is similar to a sphereA sphere is a round three-dimensional object the surface ofwhich is the same distance from the center in all directions Evenancient astronomers knew that Earth is spherical in shape Wehave pictures of Earth from space that show us that it is spheri-cal but how could astronomers from long ago have learned thisThey used evidence from observations

Aristotle was one of these early astronomers He made threedifferent observations that indicated that Earthrsquos shape is spher-ical First as shown in Figure 1 no matter where you are onEarth objects fall straight down to the surface as if they arefalling toward the center of a sphere Second Earthrsquos shadow onthe Moon during a lunar eclipse is always curved If Earthwerenrsquot spherical this might not always be the case For exam-ple a flat disk casts a straight-edged shadow sometimes Finallypeople in different parts of the world see different stars abovetheir horizons More specifically the pole star Polaris is lower inthe sky at some locations on Earth than at others

Earth in Space

Figure 1 Objects fall towardEarthrsquos centerInfer How would apples fall fromtrees if Earth were shaped like a cube

Reading Guide

Compare and contrast Earthrsquosphysical characteristics with thoseof other planets

Explain Earthrsquos magnetic field Describe Earthrsquos movement in

space and how eclipses occur

Gravity from the Earth-Moon-Sunsystem directly affects what itrsquos liketo live here on Earth

Review Vocabularyorbit curved path of one objectsuch as the Moon around anotherobject such as Earth

New Vocabulary

bull sphere bull ellipse

bull gravity

GPS+_186

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 187

Everyday Evidence of Earthrsquos Shape What have youseen other than pictures from space that indicates Earthrsquosshape Think about walking toward someone over a hill Firstyou see the top of the personrsquos head and then you can see moreand more of that person Similarly if you sail toward a light-house you first see the top of the lighthouse and then see moreand more of it as you move over Earthrsquos curved surface

You can see other evidence too Just like ancientastronomers you can see for yourself that objects always fallstraight down Today however we know more about gravityGravity is the attractive force between two objects that dependson the masses of the objects and the distance between themAstronomers think Earth formed by the accumulation ofinfalling objects toward a central mass Energy released in theimpacts kept the growing Earth molten Gravity caused it toform into the most stable shape a sphere In this shape the pullof gravity toward the center of the planet is the same in all direc-tions If a planet is massive enough the pull of gravity could beso strong that even tall mountains would collapse under theirown weight Table 1 lists some of Earthrsquos other properties

How does the pull of gravity indicate that Earthrsquosshape is spherical

Table 1 Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Mass 598 1024 kg

Average density 552 gcm3

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Period of rotation 23 h 56 min

Period of revolution 365 days 6 h 9 min

Topic Comparing Earth toOther PlanetsVisit for Weblinks to information about howEarth is similar to and differentfrom other planets in the solarsystem

Activity Make a table that liststhe similarities and differences ofMercury Venus Earth and Mars

gpesciencecom

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188 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Magnetic FieldEarth has a magnetic field that protects us from harmful radi-

ation from the Sun Scientists hypothesize that Earthrsquos rotationand movement of matter in the core set up a strong magneticfield in and around Earth This field resembles that surroundinga bar magnet shown in Figure 2 Earthrsquos magnetic field is con-centrated at two ends of an imaginary magnetic axis runningfrom Earthrsquos north magnetic pole to its south magnetic pole Thisaxis is tilted about 115deg from Earthrsquos geographic axis of rotation

Wandering Poles The locations of Earthrsquos magnetic poleschange slowly over time Large-scale movements called polarwandering are thought to be caused by movements in Earthrsquoscrust and upper mantle The magnetic north pole is carefullyremapped periodically to pinpoint its location

The Aurora An area within Earthrsquos magnetic field called themagnetosphere deflects harmful radiation coming from theSun a stream of particles called solar wind Some of theseejected particles from the Sun produce other charged particlesin Earthrsquos outer atmosphere These charged particles spiral alongEarthrsquos magnetic field lines toward Earthrsquos magnetic poles Therethey collide with atoms in the atmosphere These collisionscause the atoms to emit light This light is called the auroraborealis (northern lights) in the northern hemisphere and theaurora australis (southern lights) in the southern hemisphere

Earth Orbits the SunEarth orbits the Sun at an average distance of

149600000 km Its orbit like those of all the planets moonsasteroids and many cometsis shaped like an ellipse Anellipse is an elongated closedcurve with two foci The Sunis not located at the center ofthe ellipse but at one of itstwo foci This means the dis-tance from Earth to the Sunvaries during the year Earthis closest to the Sunmdashabout147 million km awaymdasharound January 3 and is far-thest from the Sunmdashabout152 million km awaymdasharound July 4 of each year

Van Allen Belts The mag-netosphere lies above theouter layers of Earthrsquosatmosphere Within thismagnetosphere are belts ofcharged particles known asthe Van Allen belts Theycontain thin plasma com-posed of protons (innerbelt) and electrons (outerbelt) that are trapped byEarthrsquos magnetic fieldResearch how the magne-tosphere protects Earthfrom the solar wind andwhy the Van Allen beltsare hazardous to astro-nauts and satellites Reportyour findings to the class

Magnetic axisMagnetic axis

Van Allen beltsVan Allen belts

N

S

Figure 2 Like a common barmagnet Earth also has north andsouth magnetic poles The innerand outer gold shells respectivelyrepresent the positive and nega-tive Van Allen BeltsExplain why the Van Allen Beltsare shaped as they are

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 189

Self Check1 Identify two pieces of evidence that prove Earthrsquos

spherical shape

2 Define the term gravity

3 Explain what produces Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Describe how Venus and Earth are similar

5 Think Critically Evidence indicates that Mars once hadliquid water on its surface Discuss some possiblereasons why it has none today

SummaryEarthrsquos Size and Shape

bull Earth has a spherical shape

bull Gravity causes very large objects in space toform spheres

Earthrsquos Magnetic Field

bull Earthrsquos magnetic field protects life onEarthrsquos surface from harmful radiation

bull Interaction of the solar wind with Earthrsquosmagnetic field produces the aurora

Earth Orbits the Sun

bull Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit

bull Earth and Venus are similar in size and bothhave atmospheres that contain carbon dioxide

6 Calculate Speed Earthrsquos circumference at the equatoris 40075 km If it spins once each day what is thespeed of spinning in kmh

Earth as a Planet Earth is a planet just as Venus Mars andJupiter are planets However Earth is the only planet whosecharacteristics make it possible for life as we know it to survive

Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet Earthand Venus are nearly the same size and both have atmospheresthat contain carbon dioxide although in greatly differentamounts Earthrsquos oceans shown in Figure 3 absorbed much ofthe carbon dioxide in Earthrsquos early atmosphere Also Venusrsquosatmosphere is much denser than Earthrsquos with pressures as highas those encountered by submarines in Earthrsquos oceans at depthof 900 m

Another difference is the surface temperatures On Earth youcan walk outside and feel how cold or warm it is However tem-perature on Venus is over 450degC This high temperature is causedby the large amount of carbon dioxide in Venusrsquos atmospherewhich traps heat energy and prevents it from escaping Thinkabout what life on Earth might be like with more carbon dioxidein the atmosphere

What feature of Earthrsquos surface has led to such adifference between Earth and Venus

Although Mars is almost half the size of Earth its surfacegravitational pull is less than two-fifths that of Earthrsquos Yet con-ditions there are more like those on Earth than any other planetin the solar system Mars may even have frozen water near itssurface Mercury is very different from Earth it has no atmos-phere and is cratered like Earthrsquos moon

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Figure 3 By absorbing carbondioxide oceans protect Earth fromexperiencing a greenhouse effectlike that on Venus

NASA

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190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

GPS+_190

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

GPS+_191

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Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

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eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

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10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

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eng - iTunNORM 000004E6 00000000 000035F9 00000000 00014F82 00000000 00006287 00000000 00014F4E 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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eng - iTunNORM 000004CA 00000000 000048D4 00000000 00004FE5 00000000 000062AC 00000000 00009CA1 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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eng - iTunNORM 00000501 00000000 000032FF 00000000 00014BA1 00000000 000062CC 00000000 0000F42F 00000000

NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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1190639

eng - iTunNORM 000004A8 00000000 0000440B 00000000 00017E58 00000000 00006226 00000000 00017AE0 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

null

59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Page 3: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

186 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Size and ShapeLike most people you are aware that Earth is round like a

ball But can you prove that this is true If you jump up youknow that yoursquoll come back down but why is this so What is theforce that brings you down You may have used a compass to telldirections but do you know how a compass works You willlearn the answers to these questions and also about many phys-ical characteristics of Earth in this section

Ancient Measurements Earthrsquos shape is similar to a sphereA sphere is a round three-dimensional object the surface ofwhich is the same distance from the center in all directions Evenancient astronomers knew that Earth is spherical in shape Wehave pictures of Earth from space that show us that it is spheri-cal but how could astronomers from long ago have learned thisThey used evidence from observations

Aristotle was one of these early astronomers He made threedifferent observations that indicated that Earthrsquos shape is spher-ical First as shown in Figure 1 no matter where you are onEarth objects fall straight down to the surface as if they arefalling toward the center of a sphere Second Earthrsquos shadow onthe Moon during a lunar eclipse is always curved If Earthwerenrsquot spherical this might not always be the case For exam-ple a flat disk casts a straight-edged shadow sometimes Finallypeople in different parts of the world see different stars abovetheir horizons More specifically the pole star Polaris is lower inthe sky at some locations on Earth than at others

Earth in Space

Figure 1 Objects fall towardEarthrsquos centerInfer How would apples fall fromtrees if Earth were shaped like a cube

Reading Guide

Compare and contrast Earthrsquosphysical characteristics with thoseof other planets

Explain Earthrsquos magnetic field Describe Earthrsquos movement in

space and how eclipses occur

Gravity from the Earth-Moon-Sunsystem directly affects what itrsquos liketo live here on Earth

Review Vocabularyorbit curved path of one objectsuch as the Moon around anotherobject such as Earth

New Vocabulary

bull sphere bull ellipse

bull gravity

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 187

Everyday Evidence of Earthrsquos Shape What have youseen other than pictures from space that indicates Earthrsquosshape Think about walking toward someone over a hill Firstyou see the top of the personrsquos head and then you can see moreand more of that person Similarly if you sail toward a light-house you first see the top of the lighthouse and then see moreand more of it as you move over Earthrsquos curved surface

You can see other evidence too Just like ancientastronomers you can see for yourself that objects always fallstraight down Today however we know more about gravityGravity is the attractive force between two objects that dependson the masses of the objects and the distance between themAstronomers think Earth formed by the accumulation ofinfalling objects toward a central mass Energy released in theimpacts kept the growing Earth molten Gravity caused it toform into the most stable shape a sphere In this shape the pullof gravity toward the center of the planet is the same in all direc-tions If a planet is massive enough the pull of gravity could beso strong that even tall mountains would collapse under theirown weight Table 1 lists some of Earthrsquos other properties

How does the pull of gravity indicate that Earthrsquosshape is spherical

Table 1 Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Mass 598 1024 kg

Average density 552 gcm3

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Period of rotation 23 h 56 min

Period of revolution 365 days 6 h 9 min

Topic Comparing Earth toOther PlanetsVisit for Weblinks to information about howEarth is similar to and differentfrom other planets in the solarsystem

Activity Make a table that liststhe similarities and differences ofMercury Venus Earth and Mars

gpesciencecom

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188 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Magnetic FieldEarth has a magnetic field that protects us from harmful radi-

ation from the Sun Scientists hypothesize that Earthrsquos rotationand movement of matter in the core set up a strong magneticfield in and around Earth This field resembles that surroundinga bar magnet shown in Figure 2 Earthrsquos magnetic field is con-centrated at two ends of an imaginary magnetic axis runningfrom Earthrsquos north magnetic pole to its south magnetic pole Thisaxis is tilted about 115deg from Earthrsquos geographic axis of rotation

Wandering Poles The locations of Earthrsquos magnetic poleschange slowly over time Large-scale movements called polarwandering are thought to be caused by movements in Earthrsquoscrust and upper mantle The magnetic north pole is carefullyremapped periodically to pinpoint its location

The Aurora An area within Earthrsquos magnetic field called themagnetosphere deflects harmful radiation coming from theSun a stream of particles called solar wind Some of theseejected particles from the Sun produce other charged particlesin Earthrsquos outer atmosphere These charged particles spiral alongEarthrsquos magnetic field lines toward Earthrsquos magnetic poles Therethey collide with atoms in the atmosphere These collisionscause the atoms to emit light This light is called the auroraborealis (northern lights) in the northern hemisphere and theaurora australis (southern lights) in the southern hemisphere

Earth Orbits the SunEarth orbits the Sun at an average distance of

149600000 km Its orbit like those of all the planets moonsasteroids and many cometsis shaped like an ellipse Anellipse is an elongated closedcurve with two foci The Sunis not located at the center ofthe ellipse but at one of itstwo foci This means the dis-tance from Earth to the Sunvaries during the year Earthis closest to the Sunmdashabout147 million km awaymdasharound January 3 and is far-thest from the Sunmdashabout152 million km awaymdasharound July 4 of each year

Van Allen Belts The mag-netosphere lies above theouter layers of Earthrsquosatmosphere Within thismagnetosphere are belts ofcharged particles known asthe Van Allen belts Theycontain thin plasma com-posed of protons (innerbelt) and electrons (outerbelt) that are trapped byEarthrsquos magnetic fieldResearch how the magne-tosphere protects Earthfrom the solar wind andwhy the Van Allen beltsare hazardous to astro-nauts and satellites Reportyour findings to the class

Magnetic axisMagnetic axis

Van Allen beltsVan Allen belts

N

S

Figure 2 Like a common barmagnet Earth also has north andsouth magnetic poles The innerand outer gold shells respectivelyrepresent the positive and nega-tive Van Allen BeltsExplain why the Van Allen Beltsare shaped as they are

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 189

Self Check1 Identify two pieces of evidence that prove Earthrsquos

spherical shape

2 Define the term gravity

3 Explain what produces Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Describe how Venus and Earth are similar

5 Think Critically Evidence indicates that Mars once hadliquid water on its surface Discuss some possiblereasons why it has none today

SummaryEarthrsquos Size and Shape

bull Earth has a spherical shape

bull Gravity causes very large objects in space toform spheres

Earthrsquos Magnetic Field

bull Earthrsquos magnetic field protects life onEarthrsquos surface from harmful radiation

bull Interaction of the solar wind with Earthrsquosmagnetic field produces the aurora

Earth Orbits the Sun

bull Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit

bull Earth and Venus are similar in size and bothhave atmospheres that contain carbon dioxide

6 Calculate Speed Earthrsquos circumference at the equatoris 40075 km If it spins once each day what is thespeed of spinning in kmh

Earth as a Planet Earth is a planet just as Venus Mars andJupiter are planets However Earth is the only planet whosecharacteristics make it possible for life as we know it to survive

Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet Earthand Venus are nearly the same size and both have atmospheresthat contain carbon dioxide although in greatly differentamounts Earthrsquos oceans shown in Figure 3 absorbed much ofthe carbon dioxide in Earthrsquos early atmosphere Also Venusrsquosatmosphere is much denser than Earthrsquos with pressures as highas those encountered by submarines in Earthrsquos oceans at depthof 900 m

Another difference is the surface temperatures On Earth youcan walk outside and feel how cold or warm it is However tem-perature on Venus is over 450degC This high temperature is causedby the large amount of carbon dioxide in Venusrsquos atmospherewhich traps heat energy and prevents it from escaping Thinkabout what life on Earth might be like with more carbon dioxidein the atmosphere

What feature of Earthrsquos surface has led to such adifference between Earth and Venus

Although Mars is almost half the size of Earth its surfacegravitational pull is less than two-fifths that of Earthrsquos Yet con-ditions there are more like those on Earth than any other planetin the solar system Mars may even have frozen water near itssurface Mercury is very different from Earth it has no atmos-phere and is cratered like Earthrsquos moon

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Figure 3 By absorbing carbondioxide oceans protect Earth fromexperiencing a greenhouse effectlike that on Venus

NASA

GPS+_189

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eng - iTunNORM 0000053B 00000000 00004276 00000000 00013DDB 00000000 000061A4 00000000 00016192 00000000

190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

GPS+_190

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11441435

eng - iTunNORM 00000480 00000000 00003457 00000000 0000CEBC 00000000 0000615C 00000000 0001BCE5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

GPS+_191

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6478422

eng - iTunNORM 000004AA 00000000 00002009 00000000 00001FA1 00000000 000061FD 00000000 0000DFE0 00000000

Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

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11504126

eng - iTunNORM 00000483 00000000 00003586 00000000 0001B800 00000000 00006219 00000000 000194E5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

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eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

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4978959

eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

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10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

GPS+_197

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eng - iTunNORM 000005AD 00000000 000059C1 00000000 00000187 00000000 0000614E 00000000 00013D8D 00000000

198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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eng - iTunNORM 0000058D 00000000 00003404 00000000 00003305 00000000 000062CE 00000000 00026282 00000000

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

null

90905365

eng - iTunNORM 000004E6 00000000 000035F9 00000000 00014F82 00000000 00006287 00000000 00014F4E 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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17000586

eng - iTunNORM 000004AF 00000000 00004E2D 00000000 0001B0A7 00000000 000061E5 00000000 0002589C 00000000

202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

null

11530247

eng - iTunNORM 000004CA 00000000 000048D4 00000000 00004FE5 00000000 000062AC 00000000 00009CA1 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

eng - iTunNORM 00000574 00000000 00003942 00000000 00000F34 00000000 00006223 00000000 0000D149 00000000

Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 4: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 1 Earth in Space 187

Everyday Evidence of Earthrsquos Shape What have youseen other than pictures from space that indicates Earthrsquosshape Think about walking toward someone over a hill Firstyou see the top of the personrsquos head and then you can see moreand more of that person Similarly if you sail toward a light-house you first see the top of the lighthouse and then see moreand more of it as you move over Earthrsquos curved surface

You can see other evidence too Just like ancientastronomers you can see for yourself that objects always fallstraight down Today however we know more about gravityGravity is the attractive force between two objects that dependson the masses of the objects and the distance between themAstronomers think Earth formed by the accumulation ofinfalling objects toward a central mass Energy released in theimpacts kept the growing Earth molten Gravity caused it toform into the most stable shape a sphere In this shape the pullof gravity toward the center of the planet is the same in all direc-tions If a planet is massive enough the pull of gravity could beso strong that even tall mountains would collapse under theirown weight Table 1 lists some of Earthrsquos other properties

How does the pull of gravity indicate that Earthrsquosshape is spherical

Table 1 Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Mass 598 1024 kg

Average density 552 gcm3

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Period of rotation 23 h 56 min

Period of revolution 365 days 6 h 9 min

Topic Comparing Earth toOther PlanetsVisit for Weblinks to information about howEarth is similar to and differentfrom other planets in the solarsystem

Activity Make a table that liststhe similarities and differences ofMercury Venus Earth and Mars

gpesciencecom

GPS+_187

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188 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Magnetic FieldEarth has a magnetic field that protects us from harmful radi-

ation from the Sun Scientists hypothesize that Earthrsquos rotationand movement of matter in the core set up a strong magneticfield in and around Earth This field resembles that surroundinga bar magnet shown in Figure 2 Earthrsquos magnetic field is con-centrated at two ends of an imaginary magnetic axis runningfrom Earthrsquos north magnetic pole to its south magnetic pole Thisaxis is tilted about 115deg from Earthrsquos geographic axis of rotation

Wandering Poles The locations of Earthrsquos magnetic poleschange slowly over time Large-scale movements called polarwandering are thought to be caused by movements in Earthrsquoscrust and upper mantle The magnetic north pole is carefullyremapped periodically to pinpoint its location

The Aurora An area within Earthrsquos magnetic field called themagnetosphere deflects harmful radiation coming from theSun a stream of particles called solar wind Some of theseejected particles from the Sun produce other charged particlesin Earthrsquos outer atmosphere These charged particles spiral alongEarthrsquos magnetic field lines toward Earthrsquos magnetic poles Therethey collide with atoms in the atmosphere These collisionscause the atoms to emit light This light is called the auroraborealis (northern lights) in the northern hemisphere and theaurora australis (southern lights) in the southern hemisphere

Earth Orbits the SunEarth orbits the Sun at an average distance of

149600000 km Its orbit like those of all the planets moonsasteroids and many cometsis shaped like an ellipse Anellipse is an elongated closedcurve with two foci The Sunis not located at the center ofthe ellipse but at one of itstwo foci This means the dis-tance from Earth to the Sunvaries during the year Earthis closest to the Sunmdashabout147 million km awaymdasharound January 3 and is far-thest from the Sunmdashabout152 million km awaymdasharound July 4 of each year

Van Allen Belts The mag-netosphere lies above theouter layers of Earthrsquosatmosphere Within thismagnetosphere are belts ofcharged particles known asthe Van Allen belts Theycontain thin plasma com-posed of protons (innerbelt) and electrons (outerbelt) that are trapped byEarthrsquos magnetic fieldResearch how the magne-tosphere protects Earthfrom the solar wind andwhy the Van Allen beltsare hazardous to astro-nauts and satellites Reportyour findings to the class

Magnetic axisMagnetic axis

Van Allen beltsVan Allen belts

N

S

Figure 2 Like a common barmagnet Earth also has north andsouth magnetic poles The innerand outer gold shells respectivelyrepresent the positive and nega-tive Van Allen BeltsExplain why the Van Allen Beltsare shaped as they are

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SECTION 1 Earth in Space 189

Self Check1 Identify two pieces of evidence that prove Earthrsquos

spherical shape

2 Define the term gravity

3 Explain what produces Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Describe how Venus and Earth are similar

5 Think Critically Evidence indicates that Mars once hadliquid water on its surface Discuss some possiblereasons why it has none today

SummaryEarthrsquos Size and Shape

bull Earth has a spherical shape

bull Gravity causes very large objects in space toform spheres

Earthrsquos Magnetic Field

bull Earthrsquos magnetic field protects life onEarthrsquos surface from harmful radiation

bull Interaction of the solar wind with Earthrsquosmagnetic field produces the aurora

Earth Orbits the Sun

bull Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit

bull Earth and Venus are similar in size and bothhave atmospheres that contain carbon dioxide

6 Calculate Speed Earthrsquos circumference at the equatoris 40075 km If it spins once each day what is thespeed of spinning in kmh

Earth as a Planet Earth is a planet just as Venus Mars andJupiter are planets However Earth is the only planet whosecharacteristics make it possible for life as we know it to survive

Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet Earthand Venus are nearly the same size and both have atmospheresthat contain carbon dioxide although in greatly differentamounts Earthrsquos oceans shown in Figure 3 absorbed much ofthe carbon dioxide in Earthrsquos early atmosphere Also Venusrsquosatmosphere is much denser than Earthrsquos with pressures as highas those encountered by submarines in Earthrsquos oceans at depthof 900 m

Another difference is the surface temperatures On Earth youcan walk outside and feel how cold or warm it is However tem-perature on Venus is over 450degC This high temperature is causedby the large amount of carbon dioxide in Venusrsquos atmospherewhich traps heat energy and prevents it from escaping Thinkabout what life on Earth might be like with more carbon dioxidein the atmosphere

What feature of Earthrsquos surface has led to such adifference between Earth and Venus

Although Mars is almost half the size of Earth its surfacegravitational pull is less than two-fifths that of Earthrsquos Yet con-ditions there are more like those on Earth than any other planetin the solar system Mars may even have frozen water near itssurface Mercury is very different from Earth it has no atmos-phere and is cratered like Earthrsquos moon

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Figure 3 By absorbing carbondioxide oceans protect Earth fromexperiencing a greenhouse effectlike that on Venus

NASA

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190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

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Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

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194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

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Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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11530247

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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1190639

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 5: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

188 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Earthrsquos Magnetic FieldEarth has a magnetic field that protects us from harmful radi-

ation from the Sun Scientists hypothesize that Earthrsquos rotationand movement of matter in the core set up a strong magneticfield in and around Earth This field resembles that surroundinga bar magnet shown in Figure 2 Earthrsquos magnetic field is con-centrated at two ends of an imaginary magnetic axis runningfrom Earthrsquos north magnetic pole to its south magnetic pole Thisaxis is tilted about 115deg from Earthrsquos geographic axis of rotation

Wandering Poles The locations of Earthrsquos magnetic poleschange slowly over time Large-scale movements called polarwandering are thought to be caused by movements in Earthrsquoscrust and upper mantle The magnetic north pole is carefullyremapped periodically to pinpoint its location

The Aurora An area within Earthrsquos magnetic field called themagnetosphere deflects harmful radiation coming from theSun a stream of particles called solar wind Some of theseejected particles from the Sun produce other charged particlesin Earthrsquos outer atmosphere These charged particles spiral alongEarthrsquos magnetic field lines toward Earthrsquos magnetic poles Therethey collide with atoms in the atmosphere These collisionscause the atoms to emit light This light is called the auroraborealis (northern lights) in the northern hemisphere and theaurora australis (southern lights) in the southern hemisphere

Earth Orbits the SunEarth orbits the Sun at an average distance of

149600000 km Its orbit like those of all the planets moonsasteroids and many cometsis shaped like an ellipse Anellipse is an elongated closedcurve with two foci The Sunis not located at the center ofthe ellipse but at one of itstwo foci This means the dis-tance from Earth to the Sunvaries during the year Earthis closest to the Sunmdashabout147 million km awaymdasharound January 3 and is far-thest from the Sunmdashabout152 million km awaymdasharound July 4 of each year

Van Allen Belts The mag-netosphere lies above theouter layers of Earthrsquosatmosphere Within thismagnetosphere are belts ofcharged particles known asthe Van Allen belts Theycontain thin plasma com-posed of protons (innerbelt) and electrons (outerbelt) that are trapped byEarthrsquos magnetic fieldResearch how the magne-tosphere protects Earthfrom the solar wind andwhy the Van Allen beltsare hazardous to astro-nauts and satellites Reportyour findings to the class

Magnetic axisMagnetic axis

Van Allen beltsVan Allen belts

N

S

Figure 2 Like a common barmagnet Earth also has north andsouth magnetic poles The innerand outer gold shells respectivelyrepresent the positive and nega-tive Van Allen BeltsExplain why the Van Allen Beltsare shaped as they are

GPS+_188

null

14194762

eng - iTunNORM 00000509 00000000 0000354E 00000000 0000A66D 00000000 000061CB 00000000 00012958 00000000

SECTION 1 Earth in Space 189

Self Check1 Identify two pieces of evidence that prove Earthrsquos

spherical shape

2 Define the term gravity

3 Explain what produces Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Describe how Venus and Earth are similar

5 Think Critically Evidence indicates that Mars once hadliquid water on its surface Discuss some possiblereasons why it has none today

SummaryEarthrsquos Size and Shape

bull Earth has a spherical shape

bull Gravity causes very large objects in space toform spheres

Earthrsquos Magnetic Field

bull Earthrsquos magnetic field protects life onEarthrsquos surface from harmful radiation

bull Interaction of the solar wind with Earthrsquosmagnetic field produces the aurora

Earth Orbits the Sun

bull Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit

bull Earth and Venus are similar in size and bothhave atmospheres that contain carbon dioxide

6 Calculate Speed Earthrsquos circumference at the equatoris 40075 km If it spins once each day what is thespeed of spinning in kmh

Earth as a Planet Earth is a planet just as Venus Mars andJupiter are planets However Earth is the only planet whosecharacteristics make it possible for life as we know it to survive

Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet Earthand Venus are nearly the same size and both have atmospheresthat contain carbon dioxide although in greatly differentamounts Earthrsquos oceans shown in Figure 3 absorbed much ofthe carbon dioxide in Earthrsquos early atmosphere Also Venusrsquosatmosphere is much denser than Earthrsquos with pressures as highas those encountered by submarines in Earthrsquos oceans at depthof 900 m

Another difference is the surface temperatures On Earth youcan walk outside and feel how cold or warm it is However tem-perature on Venus is over 450degC This high temperature is causedby the large amount of carbon dioxide in Venusrsquos atmospherewhich traps heat energy and prevents it from escaping Thinkabout what life on Earth might be like with more carbon dioxidein the atmosphere

What feature of Earthrsquos surface has led to such adifference between Earth and Venus

Although Mars is almost half the size of Earth its surfacegravitational pull is less than two-fifths that of Earthrsquos Yet con-ditions there are more like those on Earth than any other planetin the solar system Mars may even have frozen water near itssurface Mercury is very different from Earth it has no atmos-phere and is cratered like Earthrsquos moon

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Figure 3 By absorbing carbondioxide oceans protect Earth fromexperiencing a greenhouse effectlike that on Venus

NASA

GPS+_189

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9586838

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190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

GPS+_190

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

GPS+_191

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6478422

eng - iTunNORM 000004AA 00000000 00002009 00000000 00001FA1 00000000 000061FD 00000000 0000DFE0 00000000

Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

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SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

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194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

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eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

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eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

GPS+_197

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eng - iTunNORM 000005AD 00000000 000059C1 00000000 00000187 00000000 0000614E 00000000 00013D8D 00000000

198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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eng - iTunNORM 0000058D 00000000 00003404 00000000 00003305 00000000 000062CE 00000000 00026282 00000000

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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90905365

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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11530247

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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13672261

eng - iTunNORM 00000501 00000000 000032FF 00000000 00014BA1 00000000 000062CC 00000000 0000F42F 00000000

NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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1190639

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 6: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 1 Earth in Space 189

Self Check1 Identify two pieces of evidence that prove Earthrsquos

spherical shape

2 Define the term gravity

3 Explain what produces Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Describe how Venus and Earth are similar

5 Think Critically Evidence indicates that Mars once hadliquid water on its surface Discuss some possiblereasons why it has none today

SummaryEarthrsquos Size and Shape

bull Earth has a spherical shape

bull Gravity causes very large objects in space toform spheres

Earthrsquos Magnetic Field

bull Earthrsquos magnetic field protects life onEarthrsquos surface from harmful radiation

bull Interaction of the solar wind with Earthrsquosmagnetic field produces the aurora

Earth Orbits the Sun

bull Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit

bull Earth and Venus are similar in size and bothhave atmospheres that contain carbon dioxide

6 Calculate Speed Earthrsquos circumference at the equatoris 40075 km If it spins once each day what is thespeed of spinning in kmh

Earth as a Planet Earth is a planet just as Venus Mars andJupiter are planets However Earth is the only planet whosecharacteristics make it possible for life as we know it to survive

Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet Earthand Venus are nearly the same size and both have atmospheresthat contain carbon dioxide although in greatly differentamounts Earthrsquos oceans shown in Figure 3 absorbed much ofthe carbon dioxide in Earthrsquos early atmosphere Also Venusrsquosatmosphere is much denser than Earthrsquos with pressures as highas those encountered by submarines in Earthrsquos oceans at depthof 900 m

Another difference is the surface temperatures On Earth youcan walk outside and feel how cold or warm it is However tem-perature on Venus is over 450degC This high temperature is causedby the large amount of carbon dioxide in Venusrsquos atmospherewhich traps heat energy and prevents it from escaping Thinkabout what life on Earth might be like with more carbon dioxidein the atmosphere

What feature of Earthrsquos surface has led to such adifference between Earth and Venus

Although Mars is almost half the size of Earth its surfacegravitational pull is less than two-fifths that of Earthrsquos Yet con-ditions there are more like those on Earth than any other planetin the solar system Mars may even have frozen water near itssurface Mercury is very different from Earth it has no atmos-phere and is cratered like Earthrsquos moon

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Figure 3 By absorbing carbondioxide oceans protect Earth fromexperiencing a greenhouse effectlike that on Venus

NASA

GPS+_189

null

9586838

eng - iTunNORM 0000053B 00000000 00004276 00000000 00013DDB 00000000 000061A4 00000000 00016192 00000000

190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

GPS+_190

null

11441435

eng - iTunNORM 00000480 00000000 00003457 00000000 0000CEBC 00000000 0000615C 00000000 0001BCE5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

GPS+_191

null

6478422

eng - iTunNORM 000004AA 00000000 00002009 00000000 00001FA1 00000000 000061FD 00000000 0000DFE0 00000000

Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

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11504126

eng - iTunNORM 00000483 00000000 00003586 00000000 0001B800 00000000 00006219 00000000 000194E5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

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114780045

eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

null

4978959

eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

null

10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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90905365

eng - iTunNORM 000004E6 00000000 000035F9 00000000 00014F82 00000000 00006287 00000000 00014F4E 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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11530247

eng - iTunNORM 000004CA 00000000 000048D4 00000000 00004FE5 00000000 000062AC 00000000 00009CA1 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 7: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

190 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Measuring Time on EarthPeople can determine the approximate time of day by

determining where the Sun is in the sky If the Sun is near animaginary line drawn from due north to due south it is about1200 noon Humans have used movements of Earth theMoon and the Sun to measure time for thousands of years

Around 3000 BC the Babylonians devised a method oftimekeeping using their counting methods which were based on60 They noticed that the Sun appeared to take a circular paththrough the sky Because their counting methods were based on60 they divided a circle into 360 parts called degrees The sym-bol for degree (ordm) was taken from their symbol for the Sun

Earth Movements Measure Time Earth spins and makesone complete turn in about 24 hours as shown in Figure 4 Thisspinning causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky fromeast to west It takes 24 hours from when the Sun is highest in thesky (noon) until it is highest in the sky again (noon the next day)

If Earth spins approximately 360deg in 24 hours then it spinsthrough 15deg in one hour This led to the setting up of time zones onEarth that have the same time in minutes but vary in hours A timezone is an area 15deg wide in which the time is the same Figure 5shows the time zones in the US Ideally time zones should be equalin size and follow lines drawn from the north pole to the southpole However for convenience time zones are modified to fitaround city state and country borders and other key sites

How many degrees does Earth spin in one hour

Time and Seasons

Figure 4 The sunlit side of Earthis day the shadow side is night

Reading Guide

Calculate the time and date indifferent time zones

Differentiate between revolutionand rotation

Discuss what causes seasons tochange

Days and years are measurements ofEarthrsquos movements

Review Vocabularylatitude angular distance north orsouth of Earthrsquos equator

New Vocabulary

bull time zone

bull rotation

bull revolution

bull ecliptic

bull equinox

bull solstice

GPS+_190

null

11441435

eng - iTunNORM 00000480 00000000 00003457 00000000 0000CEBC 00000000 0000615C 00000000 0001BCE5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

GPS+_191

null

6478422

eng - iTunNORM 000004AA 00000000 00002009 00000000 00001FA1 00000000 000061FD 00000000 0000DFE0 00000000

Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

null

11504126

eng - iTunNORM 00000483 00000000 00003586 00000000 0001B800 00000000 00006219 00000000 000194E5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

null

114780045

eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

null

4978959

eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

null

10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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90905365

eng - iTunNORM 000004E6 00000000 000035F9 00000000 00014F82 00000000 00006287 00000000 00014F4E 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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11530247

eng - iTunNORM 000004CA 00000000 000048D4 00000000 00004FE5 00000000 000062AC 00000000 00009CA1 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 8: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 191

The Date Line You can see that a problem would quicklyarise if you just kept dropping back an hour earlier for each 15degEventually you would come around Earth and it would be24 hours earlier It cannot be two different days at the same spotso a day is added to the time at the International Date Line If itis Monday to the east of the date line then it is the same houron Tuesday to the west of the date line This line is drawn downthrough the Pacific Ocean (around islands such as NewZealand) directly opposite the Prime Meridian the startingpoint for this worldwide system of measuring time The PrimeMeridian is an imaginary line drawn on Earth that passesthrough Greenwich England Time based on this method iscalled Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) In some areas thistime is modified in summer so that there are more hours ofdaylight in the evening This is referred to as Daylight SavingTime (DST) Some areas apply local modifications to this sys-tem as well

Figure 5 The globe is divided into 24 time zones Linesof longitude roughly determine the locations of timezone boundaries Notice that each successive time zoneto the west is one hour earlierThink Critically If you leave Russia at 1230 AM onTuesday and fly east for one hour across the Bering Straitwhat time and day will you arrive in Alaska

SOUTHAMERICA

Prim

e M

erid

ian

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dat

e Li

ne

NORTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

0deg 15deg15deg30deg45deg60deg75deg90deg105deg120deg135deg150deg165deg180deg165deg150deg135deg120deg105deg90deg 30deg 45deg 60deg 75deg 90deg

ASIA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Areas where standard time differs by half anhour or where a zone system is not followed

GPS+_191

null

6478422

eng - iTunNORM 000004AA 00000000 00002009 00000000 00001FA1 00000000 000061FD 00000000 0000DFE0 00000000

Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

null

11504126

eng - iTunNORM 00000483 00000000 00003586 00000000 0001B800 00000000 00006219 00000000 000194E5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

null

114780045

eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

null

4978959

eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

null

10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 9: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Rotation Measures Days The spinning motion of Earthenables you to measure the passing hours of the day Rotation isthe spinning of Earth on its axis an imaginary line drawnthrough Earth from its rotational north pole to its rotationalsouth pole

The apparent movement of the Sun from noon one day untilnoon the next day is called a solar day This period is a bit longerthan the time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis however This isbecause while Earth rotates it also moves in orbit around theSun and must rotate a bit more each day to make the Sun reachnoon However if you measure time based on when a certainstar rises above the horizon until it rises again you will see aslightly shorter time period (23 h 56 m 4 s) This is called asidereal day and is the true measure of the time it takes for Earthto rotate once on its axis

Revolution Measures Years The motion of Earth aroundthe Sun enables you to measure the passing of years Revolutionis the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Figure 6shows Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun As Earth revolves in itsorbit the Sun appears to move through the skies compared tothe seemingly fixed positions of the stars

The time it takes for the Sun to make one complete tripthrough the sky in reference to the background of stars is thesame amount of time it takes for Earth to complete one triparound the Sun or one sidereal year The apparent path of theSun during this year is called the ecliptic Also the ecliptic isdefined as the plane of Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun The 12 con-stellations (star patterns) through which we observe the Sunmoving during this year is called the zodiac shown in Figure 6

What is the ecliptic

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovemberJanuaryJanuary

SunSun

GeminiGeminiTaurusTaurus

CancerCancer

LeoLeo

VirgoVirgoLibraLibraScorpiusScorpiusSagittariusSagittarius

CapricornusCapricornus

AquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscesAriesAries

192 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Figure 6 If the Sun were as faintas the stars at night then youwould see it travel along an annualpath through the constellations ofthe ZodiacThink Critically What causes thisapparent motion of the Sun

GPS+_192

null

11504126

eng - iTunNORM 00000483 00000000 00003586 00000000 0001B800 00000000 00006219 00000000 000194E5 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

null

114780045

eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

null

4978959

eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

null

10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

GPS+_197

null

8975604

eng - iTunNORM 000005AD 00000000 000059C1 00000000 00000187 00000000 0000614E 00000000 00013D8D 00000000

198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

null

3934037

eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 10: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 193

Why do seasons changeRecall that Earthrsquos orbit around the Sun is an ellipse This

means that Earth is closer to the Sun at one time than it is atother times Is this the cause of seasonal changes on EarthBecause Earth is closest to the Sun in January you would expectthis to be the warmest month However you know this isnrsquot truein the northern hemisphere something else must be causing thechange These seasonal changes are caused by Earthrsquos rotationits revolution and the tilt of its axis

Seasons change on Earth because the number of hours ofdaylight each day varies and also because the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface varies at different times of theyear Earthrsquos axis is tilted 235deg from a line drawn perpendicularto the plane of its orbit or ecliptic Because of this tilt Earthrsquosnorth geographic pole points toward Polaris throughout theyear Later you will learn how this tilt along with Earthrsquos revo-lution causes the seasons

Changing Angle of Sunlight During the summer the Sunis higher in the sky and sunlight hits Earthrsquos surface at a higherangle As the year progresses the Sun is lower and lower in thesky and sunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface at lower angles Whenstriking Earthrsquos surface at higher angles approaching 90ordm sun-light is more intense and warms Earthrsquos surface more than whenit strikes the surface at lower angles Because Earth remainstilted in the same direction as it revolves different hemispheresare tilted toward the Sun at different times of the year As shownin Figure 7 the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sun-light at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from theSun The greater intensity of sunlight is one reason why summeris warmer than winter but it is not the only reason Another fac-tor is involved

Figure 7 The Sunrsquos rays strikeEarthrsquos surface at higher angles inthe northern hemisphere when thenorth pole is tilted toward the Sun

GPS+_193

null

114780045

eng - iTunNORM 000004FC 00000000 000034DF 00000000 000161AC 00000000 0000610E 00000000 0000CB78 00000000

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

null

4978959

eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

null

10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

GPS+_197

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8975604

eng - iTunNORM 000005AD 00000000 000059C1 00000000 00000187 00000000 0000614E 00000000 00013D8D 00000000

198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

null

3934037

eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

null

17031937

eng - iTunNORM 0000058D 00000000 00003404 00000000 00003305 00000000 000062CE 00000000 00026282 00000000

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

null

90905365

eng - iTunNORM 000004E6 00000000 000035F9 00000000 00014F82 00000000 00006287 00000000 00014F4E 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 11: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

194 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

More Hours of Daylight in Summer During the summerthe Sun is above the horizon for more hours than it is whenschool begins in the fall As the year progresses the number ofhours of daylight each day becomes fewer and fewer until itreaches a minimum around December 21 for the northernhemisphere When do you think the number of hours of day-light would be at a maximum in the northern hemisphere Thishappens six months later around June 21 As shown in Figure 8the hemisphere of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun receivesmore hours of daylight each day than the hemisphere tilted awayfrom the Sun This longer period of daylight is the second rea-son why summer is warmer than winter

During which month does Earthrsquos northernhemisphere experience more hours of daylight

Figure 8 During the winter solstice for the northern hemisphere the Sunrsquos rays strike Earth perpendicular at theTropic of Capricorn while the area within the arctic circle remains in darkness During the summer solstice the Sunrsquosrays are perpendicular to Earth at the Tropic of Cancer while the area within the arctic circle remains in sunlight

GPS+_194

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eng - iTunNORM 00000458 00000000 00001DF8 00000000 000095B1 00000000 000060E3 00000000 0000ADE0 00000000

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

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10459282

eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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11530247

eng - iTunNORM 000004CA 00000000 000048D4 00000000 00004FE5 00000000 000062AC 00000000 00009CA1 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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eng - iTunNORM 00000501 00000000 000032FF 00000000 00014BA1 00000000 000062CC 00000000 0000F42F 00000000

NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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1190639

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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59455116

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Internet Link
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Page 12: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 2 Time and Seasons 195

Self-Check1 Determine how long it takes Earth to make one com-

plete turn on its axis

2 Explain why each time zone contains 15deg of longitudeIf it is 415 PM in one time zone what is the time twotime zones to the west

3 Explain how a solar day differs from a sidereal day

4 Compare and contrast rotation and revolution

5 Think Critically Why does Earthrsquos surface becomewarmer in summer than it does in winter

SummaryMeasuring Time on Earth

bull Humans use movements of Earth the Moonand the Sun to measure time

bull Earthrsquos rotation is used to measure days

bull Earthrsquos revolution is used to measure years

bull The ecliptic is the Sunrsquos apparent yearly paththrough the zodiac

Why do seasons change

bull Earthrsquos seasonal changes are caused by its tiltrotation and revolution

bull Equinoxes occur when the Sun is directly overEarthrsquos equator Solstices occur when the Sunreaches it greatest distance north or south ofthe equator

6 Use Decimals It takes Earth about 36525 days tomake one trip around the Sun As it does this Earthtravels 360deg in its orbit On average how many degrees does Earth travel each day

Equinoxes and Solstices Because of the tilt of Earthrsquos axisthe Sunrsquos position relative to Earthrsquos equator constantly changesMost of the time the Sun is north or south of the equator buttwo times during the year the Sun is directly over the equatorFigure 8 shows that the Sun reaches an equinox when it isdirectly above Earthrsquos equator and the number of daylight hoursequals the number of nighttime hours all over the world Theterm equinox is derived from two words meaning ldquoequalrdquo andldquonightrdquo At that time neither the northern nor the southernhemisphere is tilted toward the Sun In the northern hemi-sphere the Sun reaches the spring equinox on March 20 or 21and the fall equinox on September 22 or 23 In the southernhemisphere the equinoxes are reversed

The solstice is the point at which the Sun reaches its greatestdistance north or south of the equator the Tropic of Cancer andTropic of Capricorn respectively The term solstice is derivedfrom the Sunrsquos name Sol and a Latin word meaning ldquostandingrdquothat is it appears to stand or stop moving north or south in thesky In the northern hemisphere the Sun reaches the summersolstice on June 21 or 22 and it reaches the winter solstice onDecember 21 or 22 Just the opposite is true for the southernhemisphere When the Sun is at the summer solstice there aremore hours of daylight than during any other day of the yearand the Sunrsquos rays strike at a higher angle When itrsquos at the win-ter solstice on the shortest day of the year the most nighttimehours occur and the Sunrsquos rays strike at the lowest angle

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Modeling the SunrsquosRays at SolsticeProcedure1 Use a globe with the

equator the Tropic ofCancer and the Tropic ofCapricorn indicated

2 Set up a light source suchas a flashlight or goose-neck lamp so light shinesvertically at Earthrsquos equator

3 Tilt the globe 235deg fromvertical so that first thenorthern and then thesouthern hemisphere istilted toward the light

Analysis1 When the globe was tilted

235deg toward and awayfrom the light what lati-tudes received vertical rays

2 What areas of Earth neverreceived vertical rays

GPS+_195

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eng - iTunNORM 00000475 00000000 000027FE 00000000 00018049 00000000 00006247 00000000 0000E287 00000000

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

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eng - iTunNORM 0000058D 00000000 00003404 00000000 00003305 00000000 000062CE 00000000 00026282 00000000

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 13: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Earth is warmed differently depending on theangle at which sunlight strikes it

Real-World ProblemHow can you a model the angle at which sun-light strikes Earthrsquos surface

Goals Model different angles at which sunlight

strikes Earthrsquos surface Compare and contrast the amount of heat

generated by light striking at different angles

Materials75-W bulb in a gooseneck lampalcohol thermometers (2)sheets of construction paper one color (2)protractor unshaded 75-W lamp books to change the angle of the thermometersAlternate materials

Safety Precautions

WARNING Do not touch lamp or lightbulbwithout safety gloves They stay hot after beingturned off Handle thermometers carefully

Procedure1 Copy the data table shown on this page

2 Label the thermometers T-1 and T-2 andrecord their temperatures in the data table

3 Fold the construction paper to form a pocketthat will conceal the thermometerrsquos bulb

4 Place T-1 in the pocket and lay them on adesktop Turn on the lamp Position thelamp so that light strikes the pocket at anangle of 75deg

5 Record the temperature of T-1 at 10 minand at 20 min

6 Repeat steps 3 4 and 5 using T-2 but aimthe lamp at an angle of 20deg

Conclude and Apply1 Compare and contrast the temperature

readings of each thermometer

2 Infer which angle models the Sunrsquos positionduring the summer and during the winter

3 Explain how changes in the angle at whichsunlight strikes Earthrsquos surface are one causeof Earthrsquos changing seasons

Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity

196 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Data Table

Original Temperature Temperature Thermometer Temperature at 10 min at 20 min

T-1

T-2

Compile your classmatesrsquo data Find theaverage temperaturesmdashoriginal at10 min and at 20 minmdashfor T-1 and T-2Compare and contrast your results with theclass averages

Matt Meadows

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

GPS+_197

null

8975604

eng - iTunNORM 000005AD 00000000 000059C1 00000000 00000187 00000000 0000614E 00000000 00013D8D 00000000

198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

null

3934037

eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

null

17031937

eng - iTunNORM 0000058D 00000000 00003404 00000000 00003305 00000000 000062CE 00000000 00026282 00000000

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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17000586

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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11530247

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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13672261

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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1190639

eng - iTunNORM 000004A8 00000000 0000440B 00000000 00017E58 00000000 00006226 00000000 00017AE0 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 14: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 197

Movement of the MoonYou have seen the Moon move across the sky from east to

west just like the Sun This is an apparent movement like theSunrsquos caused by Earthrsquos rotation But the Moon actually doesmove in another way If you look at the Moon each day at thesame time over a period of a few days you will see that it movestoward the east

Rotation and Revolution This eastward movement of theMoon is an actual movement that is caused by the Moonrsquos rev-olution in its orbit It takes 273 days (a sidereal month) for theMoon to revolve once around Earth and line up with the samestar again Because Earth also revolves around the Sun it takesmore than two more days for the Moon to line up with Earthand the Sun again This means that a complete lunar phase cycletakes 295 days known as a synodic month

Many people think the Moon does not rotate because italways keeps the same side facing Earth This is not true Asshown in Figure 9 the Moon keeps the same side facing Earthbecause it takes 273 days to rotate once on its axismdashthe sameamount of time that it takes to revolve once around Earth Youcan observe this by having a friend move the ball around youwhile keeping the same side of it facing you You will see onlyone side

Earthrsquos MoonReading Guide

Describe how tides on Earth arecaused by the Moon

Explain how the Moonrsquos phasesdepend on the relative positionsof the Sun the Moon and Earth

Compare and contrast solar andlunar eclipses

Analyze what surface features ofthe Moon reveal about its history

The Moon is our nearest neighborin space and affects Earth in manyways

Review Vocabularylava molten rock

New Vocabulary

bull tide

bull moon phase

bull solar eclipse

bull lunar eclipse

bull maria

bull regolith

Figure 9 The face of the ldquoman inthe moonrdquo is always facing EarthExplain why the same side of theMoon always faces Earth

Moons rotationMoons rotation

Moons orbitMoons orbit

Northpole

Northpole

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198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

null

1190639

eng - iTunNORM 000004A8 00000000 0000440B 00000000 00017E58 00000000 00006226 00000000 00017AE0 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

null

59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 15: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

198 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

How does the Moon affect EarthThe Moon affects Earth in many ways some obvious and

others less so If you have ever been to a beach for vacation yourealized that the water is not always at the same location on thebeach Sometimes the water comes farther up the beach than atother times Have you ever placed your towel on the beach andcome back later to find it wet because the tide came in You alsomay have noticed that the Moon doesnrsquot look the same eachevening Sometimes you can see all of the side facing Earthwhile at other times you can barely see any of it Letrsquos take a lookat these and some other effects of the Moon on Earth

Solve a Simple Equation

TIDES The Moon rises an average of 527 min later each day If the time of hightide is known for one day this formula can be used to determine when high tidewill occur on the next day or any successive day

TN T0 N 527 min

In this formula T0 is the original time of high tide on a given day and TN is thetime of high tide on any successive day N is the number of days later for whichyou wish to determine the time of high tide If the tide is high at 100 PM findout what time it will be high in 7 days

known values and unknown values

Identify the known values

T0 original time of high tide 100 PM

N the number of days later for which you wish to determine high tide 7

527 min how much later the Moon rises each day

Identify the unknown value

TN the time of high tide on N number of days

the problem

Substitute the known values into the equation for time

TN 100 PM 7 527 min 100 PM 369 min

TN 100 PM 6 h 09 min 709 PM

SOLVE

IDENTIFY

Low tide is the best time to hunt for seashells If you see that the tide is low at noon onThursday when during the day will it be low on the following Sunday

For more practice problems go to page 879 and visit Math Practice at gpesciencecom

GPS+_198

null

3934037

eng - iTunNORM 000005A5 00000000 000027C5 00000000 00002487 00000000 000061C5 00000000 00000068 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

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STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 16: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 199

Tides Think again of the beach and how the level of the searose and fell during the day This rise and fall in sea level is calleda tide A tide on Earth is caused by a giant wave produced by thegravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon This wave has awave height of only 1 or 2 m but it has a wavelength of thou-sands of kilometers As the crest of this large wave approachesthe shore the level of the water in the ocean rises This rise of sealevel is called high tide About six hours later as the trough ofthe wave approaches sea level drops causing a low tide

Earth and the Moon both revolve around their common cen-ter of mass located about 1700 km below Earthrsquos surface BecauseEarth is much more massive the Moon does most of the movingand it seems to us as though the Moon were revolving aroundEarth This center of mass in turn revolves around the Sun Thisis why Earth Moon Sun are considered as a three-body system

As Earth rotates and the Moon revolves different locationson Earthrsquos surface pass through the high and low tides Althoughthe Sun is much more massive than the Moon it also is muchfarther away Because of this the Moon has a greater effect onEarthrsquos tides than does the Sun However the Sun does affectEarthrsquos tides it can strengthen or weaken the tidal effect Whenthe Moon and the Sun pull together when they are lined uphigh tides are much higher and low tides are much lower Thisis called a spring tide as shown in Figure 10 However when thetwo are at right angles to each other the high tide is not as highand the low tide not as low producing a neap tide

What happens to the sea level at spring tide

MoonlightThe Moon shines because it reflects sunlight from its surface

Just as half of Earth experiences day as the other half experi-ences night half of the Moon is lighted while the other half isdark As the Moon revolves around Earth different portions ofthe side facing Earth are lighted causing the Moonrsquos appearanceto change Moon phases are the changing appearances of theMoon as seen from Earth The phase you see depends on the rel-ative positions of the Moon Earth and the Sun

Phases of the Moon A new moon occurs when the Moon isbetween Earth and the Sun During a new moon the side of theMoon facing away from Earth is lighted and the side of theMoon facing Earth receives no light from the Sun The Moon isin the sky but it cannot be seen except for a special alignmentyou will learn about later

Sun

Moon

Earth

Tidalbulge large

Tidalbulge large

Sun

Moon

Earth

A

B

Figure 10 Earthrsquos tides are anexample of how the Sun Moonand Earth pull on each other andoperate as a three-body system

The Sun Earth and Moon arein alignment during spring tide

The Sun Earth and Moon forma right angle during neap tideIdentify whether high tide ishigher during spring tide or neaptide

GPS+_199

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17031937

eng - iTunNORM 0000058D 00000000 00003404 00000000 00003305 00000000 000062CE 00000000 00026282 00000000

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

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90905365

eng - iTunNORM 000004E6 00000000 000035F9 00000000 00014F82 00000000 00006287 00000000 00014F4E 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

GPS+_202

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11530247

eng - iTunNORM 000004CA 00000000 000048D4 00000000 00004FE5 00000000 000062AC 00000000 00009CA1 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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eng - iTunNORM 00000501 00000000 000032FF 00000000 00014BA1 00000000 000062CC 00000000 0000F42F 00000000

NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

null

59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 17: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

200 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Waxing Phases After a new moon the moonrsquos phases aresaid to be waxingmdashthe lighted portion that we see appearslarger each night The first phase we see after a new moon iscalled the waxing crescent About a week after a new moon wesee one-half of the Moonrsquos lighted side or one-quarter of theMoonrsquos surface This phase is the first-quarter

The moon is in the waxing gibbous phase from the firstquarter up until full moon A full moon occurs when we see allof the Moonrsquos lighted side At this time the Moon is on the sideof Earth opposite from the Sun

Waning Phases After a full moon the lighted portion thatwe see begins to appear smaller The phases are said to be wan-ing When only half of the side of the Moon facing Earth islighted the third-quarter phase occurs The waning crescentoccurs before another new moon Only a small slice of the sideof the Moon facing Earth is lighted

The word month is derived from the same root word as MoonThe complete cycle of the Moonrsquos phases shown in Figure 11takes about 295 days or one synodic month Recall that it takesabout 273 days for the Moon to revolve around Earth The dis-crepancy between these two numbers is due to Earthrsquos revolutionaround the Sun It takes the Moon a little over two days to ldquocatchuprdquo with Earthrsquos advancement around the Sun

Modeling Phases and EclipsesProcedure

1 Turn on a lamp with noshade and place a smallwhite plastic-foam ballon the end of a pencil

2 Stand facing the lamp andhold the white plastic-foam ball between yourhead and the lamp

3 Slowly move the ball coun-terclockwise around yourhead and observe howmuch of the side of the ballfacing you is lighted at dif-ferent positions

4 Note positions where theball blocks light from thelampmdashor moves into theshadow cast by your head

Analysis1 Describe what happened

to the ball as it was movedaround your head andidentify the moon phasesat various positions

2 At which positions(phases) was the ballblocking the light or fallinginto shadow At whichphase(s) can eclipses occur

New

1st qtr

3rd qtr

Waxing gibbous Waxing crescent

Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Earth

Full

Sunlight

Figure 11 When viewed fromEarthrsquos north pole the Moon has acounterclockwise orbitInfer In this figure the Sunrsquos raysare coming from the right Why arethe Moonrsquos waning phases showingsunlight on the left

GPS+_200

null

90905365

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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17000586

eng - iTunNORM 000004AF 00000000 00004E2D 00000000 0001B0A7 00000000 000061E5 00000000 0002589C 00000000

202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 18: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 201

EclipsesIf you knew nothing about what the Sun isor why it produces so much light and heat

wouldnrsquot you be concerned if suddenly it darkened Think ofhow humans from long ago must have reacted when the Moonpassed in front of the Sun and the source of light and heat wasblocked as it is during an eclipse

In the year 585 BC a battle was raging between the armiesof the Lydians and the Persians when suddenly the Sun waseclipsed by the Moon The two armies were so stunned by theevent that they put down their weapons and stopped fighting

Now we understand what causes eclipses of both the Sunand the Moon We know that for the Moon to block out the Sunit must appear to be the same size In fact both the Sun and theMoon have apparent diameters that are almost the same about05deg If it werenrsquot for this a total eclipse of the Sun might neverhappen Because the Sun is about 400 times larger than theMoon it also must be about 400 times farther from Earth for atotal solar eclipse to occur

Eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily blockssunlight from reaching the other object Sometimes during a newmoon a shadow cast by the Moon falls on Earth causing a solareclipse During a full moon a shadow of Earth can be cast on theMoon resulting in a lunar eclipse Eclipses can occur only whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are lined up perfectly Because theMoonrsquos orbit is tilted about 5deg from the plane of Earthrsquos orbitaround the Sun eclipses happen only a few times each year

Solar Eclipses A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part ofEarth The darkest portion of the Moonrsquos shadow is called theumbra A person standing within the umbra experiences a totalsolar eclipseAs shown in Figure 12 the only portion of the Sun thatis visible during a total eclipse is part of its atmosphere whichappears as a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsingMoon This is the only time the entire disk of the new moonphase can be photographedmdashit appears black against the Sun

As shown in Figure 13 surrounding the umbra is alighter shadow on Earthrsquos surface called the penumbraPersons standing in the penumbra experience a partial solareclipse WARNING Regardless of where you are standingnever look directly at a solar eclipse The light can permanentlydamage your eyes

How are Earth the Moon and the Sunaligned during a solar eclipse

Early CivilizationsCelestial objects werestudied by early civiliza-tions Some hypothesesproposed by theBabylonians and the earlyGreeks were close to reali-ty but other ideas werewrong Research howsome early civilizationsexplained eclipses andother astronomical obser-vations and report yourfindings to your classusing drawings anddiagrams

Figure 12 The solar corona canbe seen as a pale glow around thelunar disk Sunlight shiningthrough lunar valleys produces adiamond-ring effect

Area of total eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Area of partial eclipse

Figure 13 A total solar eclipseappears only within the Moonrsquosumbra

Roger RessmeyerCORBIS

GPS+_201

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202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 19: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

202 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Lunar Eclipses When Earthrsquos shadow falls on the Moon alunar eclipse occurs A lunar eclipse begins when the Moonmoves into Earthrsquos penumbra As the Moon continues to moveit enters Earthrsquos umbra and you see a curved shadow on theMoonrsquos surface as shown in Figure 14 It was this shadow thatled Aristotle to conclude that Earth is spherical When the Moonmoves completely into Earthrsquos umbra a total lunar eclipseoccurs as shown in Figure 15 The Moon sometimes becomesred during an eclipse because light from the Sun is scattered andrefracted by Earthrsquos atmosphere Longer wavelength red light isaffected less than shorter wavelengths so more red light falls onthe Moon

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of theMoon moves into Earthrsquos umbra The remainder of the Moon isin Earthrsquos penumbra and therefore receives some direct sun-light A partial lunar eclipse also occurs when the Moon is par-tially or totally within Earthrsquos penumbra However this can bedifficult to see because some direct sunlight falls on the Moonmaking it appear only slightly dimmer than usual

A total solar eclipse can occur as often as twice a year yetmost people live their entire lives without witnessing one Youmay never see a total solar eclipse but it is almost certain youwill have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse The reason why itis so rare to view a total solar eclipse is that only those people inthe small region where the Moonrsquos umbra strikes Earth can seeone and even then there must be clear skies In contrast theopportunities to witness lunar eclipses are much more frequentand anyone on the night side of Earth can see them

How are Earth the Moon and the Sun alignedduring a lunar eclipse

Figure 14 Sometimes duringa partial lunar eclipse Earthrsquoscurvature can be seen silhouettedon the Moon The red colorationis caused by the refraction ofsunlight passing through Earthrsquosatmosphere before reaching theMoonrsquos surface

Figure 15 A total lunar eclipseoccurs when the Moon is entirelywithin Earthrsquos umbra Umbra is theLatin word for ldquoshadowrdquo Just as apeninsula is almost an island apenumbra is almost a shadowResearch What does umbrellamean Umbra

Penumbra

NASA Kennedy Space Center

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GPS+_203

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15668211

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 20: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 203

The Moonrsquos SurfaceWhen you look at the Moon as shown in Figure 16

you can see many of its larger surface features Cratersrays mountains and maria can easily be seen througha small telescope or a pair of binoculars What arethese different features how did they form and whatdo they tell us about the Moonrsquos history and interior

Craters Maria and Mountains Many depres-sions on the Moon were formed by meteorites aster-oids and comets which strike the surfaces of planetsand their satellites These depressions which are calledcraters formed early in the Moonrsquos history Surroundingmany craters are ray patterns produced by lighter-coloredmaterial from just below the lunar surface that was blasted outon impact and settled on top of the darker surface materialaround the craters During the impact when these large basinsformed cracks may have formed in the Moonrsquos crust allowinglava from the still-molten interior to reach the surface and fill inthe basins forming maria

Maria are the dark-colored relatively flat regions on theMoonrsquos surface shown in Figure 16 The igneous rocks of themaria are 3 to 4 billion years old They are the youngest rocksfound on the Moon so far This indicates that the craters formedafter the Moonrsquos surface originally cooled However the mariaformed early enough in the Moonrsquos history that molten rockmaterial still remained in the Moonrsquos interior

Surrounding the large depressions that later filled with lavaare areas that were thrown upward in the original collision andformed mountains The largest mountain ranges on the Moonsurround the large flat dark-colored maria

Regolith When NASA scientists started to plan for crewedspacecraft to land on the Moon they were concerned aboutwhether the lunar surface would be able to support the craft Tofind out unmanned Surveyor spacecraft were landed on its sur-face One Surveyor craft actually bounced a few times as itlanded on the side of a crater What was this material that thespacecraft had landed on

Impacts on the Moon thoughout its history led to the accu-mulation of debris known as regolith On some areas of theMoon this regolith is almost 40 m thick while in other loca-tions it is only a few centimeters thick Some regolith is coarsebut some is a fine dust If you watch astronauts walking on theMoon you will notice that they often kick up a lot of dust

Figure 16 Notice the light-colored material radiating outwardfrom the large crater near the baseof the MoonIdentify What are the flat dark-colored regions called What are thelight-colored areas radiating fromthe craters called

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 21: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Crust Crust

Core Core

Lower mantle Lower mantle

Upper mantle Upper mantleThe Moonrsquos Interior

The presence of maria onthe Moonrsquos surface tells ussomething about its interior Ifcracks did form when the largedepressions were produced byimpacts and lava did flow ontothe lunar surface then the inte-rior of the Moon just below itssurface must have been moltenat that time It is believed thatthis was the case and that beforethe Moon cooled to what it islike today its interior separatedinto layers

Other information aboutthe Moonrsquos interior comes from

seismographs left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts Just as thestudy of earthquakes allows scientists to map Earthrsquos interiorthe study of moonquakes helps them study the Moonrsquos interiorand has led to the model shown in Figure 17 This model showsthat the Moonrsquos crust is about 60 km thick on the side facingEarth and about 150 km thick on the side facing away Below thecrust a solid mantle may extend to a depth of 1000 km A partlymolten zone of the mantle extends farther down Below this isan iron-rich solid core

Where is the Moonrsquos crust thickest

Exploring the MoonMore than 20 years after the Apollo program ended the

Clementine spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit Clementine com-piled a detailed map of the Moonrsquos surface including the SouthPole-Aitken Basin This is the oldest identifiable impact feature onthe Moonrsquos surface It is also the largest and deepest impact basin ordepression found so far anywhere in the solar system measuring 12km in depth and 2500 km in diameter Because the angle of sun-light is always low near the poles much of this depression remainsin shadow throughout the Moonrsquos rotation This location providesa cold area where ice deposits from impacting comets may have col-lected The Clementine spacecraft and later the Lunar Prospectorboth collected evidence that supports the hypothesis that water-icehas accumulated in South Pole-Aitken Basin See Figure 18 to learnmore about this

204 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Topic Clementine andLunar Prospector MissionsVisit for Weblinks to information about themissions of the Clementine andLunar Prospector spacecraft

Activity Make a table that liststhe major goals of each missionand whether or not it succeeded

gpesciencecom

CrustCrust

CoreCore

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantleUpper mantle

Figure 17 The Moonrsquos crust isthinnest on the side nearest toEarthInfer Why is the Moonrsquos crustthinnest on the side facing Earth

GPS+_204

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NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

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1190639

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SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

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Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Page 22: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

NGS TITLE

Figure 18

VISUALIZING WATER ON THE MOON

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 205

HOW MUCH IS THERE Estimates ofhow much water-ice exists vary butsome estimates are as high as 6 tril-lion kg Ice might be buried severalmeters below the surface either insolid blocks or as ice crystals mixedwith lunar regolith Water is impor-tant for many reasons It would beneeded for the survival of humansat any future lunar bases Also itcould be split using solar powerinto hydrogen and oxygen to makerocket fuel

Astronomers long believed that the Moon was a cold dry place without atmosphereBut a few scientists hypothesized that water could exist on the Moon under certainconditions This hypothesis was proven correct in the late 1990s by data from the

spacecrafts Clementine and Lunar Prospector

HOW DID IT GET THERE Throughout its history theMoon has been bombarded by comets and meteoritesmost of which contain water-ice Upon impact some ofthe water would have quickly vaporized and be lost tospace However some was deposited in the bottom ofdeep polar craters Temperatures in these craters neverexceed about ndash173degC At these temperatures ice couldpersist for billions of years

(t)NASAJPLUSGS (c)NASACORBIS (b)Julian BaumPhoto Researchers

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

null

1190639

eng - iTunNORM 000004A8 00000000 0000440B 00000000 00017E58 00000000 00006226 00000000 00017AE0 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

null

59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 23: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Mars-size body

Primitive Earth

206 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Clementine and Lunar Prospector Data from Clementineconfirmed that the crust on the side facing Earth is much thin-ner than on the far side Data also found that the crust thinsunder impact basins and showed the location of mascons con-centrations of mass that are located under impact basins Whatdo you think they might be Clementine also provided informa-tion on the mineral content of Moon rocks In fact this part ofits mission explains the spacecraftrsquos name Clementine was thedaughter of a miner in the ballad ldquoMy Darlinrsquo Clementinerdquo

What are mascons

In 1998 the Lunar Prospector spacecraft orbited the Moontaking photographs of the lunar surface Maps made using thesephotographs confirmed the Clementine data Also data fromLunar Prospector confirmed that the Moon has a small iron-richcore about 600 km in diameter Lunar Prospector also conducteda detailed study of the Moonrsquos surface searching for clues as to itsorigin and structure

Origin of the MoonPrior to the data obtained from the Apollo space missions

there were three theories about the Moonrsquos origin The first wasthat the Moon was captured by Earthrsquos gravity (the capture the-ory) It had formed elsewhere and wandered near Earth The sec-ond theory was that the Moon condensed from the same loosematerial that Earth formed from during the early formation ofthe solar system (the binary accretion theory) The third theorywas that a glob of molten material was ejected from Earth whileEarth was still molten (the fission theory) Ironically the goal ofone Apollo mission was to help determine which of these theo-ries was correct Instead the mission showed that none of thethree theories can explain the Moonrsquos composition

A large Mars-sized body collided with primitiveEarth approximately 46 billion years ago

The violent collision melted and vaporized some ofEarthrsquos crust and mantle and hurled it into space

Figure 19 According to thegiant impact theory the Moonformed after Earth was struck aglancing blow by a body that wasmore massive than Mars For mil-lions of years after the Moonrsquosbirth stray rock fragments ejectedby the original impact continued topelt its surface creating the cratersthat now blanket the Moon

GPS+_206

null

1190639

eng - iTunNORM 000004A8 00000000 0000440B 00000000 00017E58 00000000 00006226 00000000 00017AE0 00000000

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

null

59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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Page 24: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

SECTION 3 Earthrsquos Moon 207

Self Check1 Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses

2 Explain tides in Earthrsquos oceans

3 Diagram the positions of Earth the Moon and the Sunduring a full moon

4 Describe how lunar maria might have formed

5 Think Critically Why is it so important to future spaceexploration if the Moon has water-ice near its surface

SummaryHow does the Moon affect Earth

bull The Moon and the Sun affect Earthrsquos tides

bull As the Moon revolves different amounts ofthe side facing Earth are lighted by the Suncausing the changing phases

bull The alignment of Earth the Moon and theSun produces eclipses

The Moonrsquos Surface and Interior

bull The Moonrsquos surface has craters mountainsand maria

bull Maria are the dark-colored relatively flatregions on the Moon

bull The Clementine and Lunar Prospector foundevidence of water-ice on the Moon

6 Calculate An estimate of the amount of water frozenat the Moonrsquos south pole is 100000 m3 If this depositwas spread over an area measuring 160 m by 125 mhow many meters deep would the deposit be

Giant Impact Theory Data gathered by the Apollo missionsled many scientists to form a new giant impact theory which hasgained wide acceptance among astronomers According to thistheory the Moon formed about 46 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth After colliding the cores of thetwo bodies combined and settled toward the center of the largerobject Gas and other debris were thrown into orbit Some fellback to Earth but the remainder condensed into a large massforming the Moon This sequence is shown in Figure 19 This the-ory helps to explain how the Moon and Earth are similar yet notsimilar enough to have formed from the same condensing mass Ifthe core of the Mars-sized body was added to the core of Earththis explains why the Moonrsquos composition is like Earthrsquos mantleand why the Moon has a much smaller central core than expected

More Section Review gpesciencecom

Some material fell back to Earth some escapedinto interplanetary space and some orbited Earthas a ring of hot gas and debris

Solid particles eventually condensed from thecooling gas and the Moon began to accumulate

GPS+_207

null

59455116

eng - iTunNORM 00000557 00000000 00002D70 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006212 00000000 00009372 00000000

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Page 25: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Real-World ProblemWhen you look at a full moon in the night sky you can see light anddark areas When you look through binoculars or a small telescopeyou can see many craters and the large dark-colored maria Manycraters are named after great philosophers and scientists The mariaare named for what early scientists thought they saw there for exam-ple Oceanus Procellarum means ldquoocean of stormsrdquo Can you tell thedifference between an old crater and one that has formed morerecently If craters are seen on a maria which of the features is olderIf one crater partially covers another which one formed first

Procedure1 Obtain a large-scale map or globe of the Moon

2 Familiarize yourself with some of the more prominent surface fea-tures of the Moon

Goals Identify prominent

surface features on theMoon

Determine the rela-tive ages of features onthe Moonrsquos surface

Locate the Apollolanding sites on theMoon

Materialslarge-scale maps or globes

of the Moonindividual smaller maps

of the Moon

Identifying the MnrsquosSurface Features andAPOLLO Landing Sites

208 CHAPTER 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun SystemBettmannCORBIS

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Button3
Page 26: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

3 Look for examples of younger craters (those with sharp sides and peaks in thecenter) and examples of older craters (those whose sides are worn down ormissing)

4 Using a large-scale labeled map or globe of the Moon locate identify andlabel the following prominent surface features of the Moon and Apollo landingsites on a copy of the Moonrsquos surface (If an unlabeled Moon map is not avail-able draw one and illustrate and label the features listed below)

Analyze Your Data1 Describe the specific lunar features you studied and what you learned from

them

2 Identify one specific observation that helped you decide which of two featuresformed first

Conclude and Apply1 Infer from your study of the large-scale map or

globe whether Copernicus Crater or GrimaldiCrater is older Do the same for Fra Mauro Craterand Tycho Crater Explain your answers

2 Research the Apollo missions and explainwhy there is no landing site for Apollo 13

Features on the Moon

Maria Craters Mountain Ranges Apollo Landing Sites

Mare Crisium Alphonsus Alps 11-Mare Tranquillitatus

Mare Frigoris Aristarchus Apennine 12-Oceanus Procellarum

Mare Imbrium Clavius Caucasus 14-Fra Mauro

Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Jura 15-Mt Hadley

Mare Tranquillitatus Fra Mauro Mt Hadley 16-Descartes

Oceanus Procellarum Grimaldi 17-Taurus Littrow

Kepler

Plato

Tycho

LAB 209

Compare your map of the Moon with themaps labeled by other students in yourclass Discuss why individual maps may belabeled differently or why map illustrationsmight look different

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Page 27: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Today scientists know that sometimeslight behaves like a wave and at othertimes it behaves like a particle However

early scientists believed it had to be one wayor the other Sir Isaac Newton 1642ndash1727believed in the particle nature of light Basedon his observations and a few erroneousassumptions he eventually invented what isnow called the Newtonian reflecting tele-scope

Where did Newton go wrongOne erroneous assumption involved the

behavior of light as it passes through mattersuch as glass a property known as chromaticaberration White light is composed of manydifferent wavelengths that can disperse whenrefracted This also happens with telescopes

because lenses actlike a combinationof many prismsand disperse whitelight into the col-ors of the rainbowWe now know thatthe larger the lensthe less of a prob-

lem this dispersal of light causes Newtonthought the opposite was true He triedto eliminate chromatic aberration by chang-ing or adding lenses and using prisms butwas unable to correct the problem

Another mistake made by Newton wasthat he assumed light particles begin torefract before they contact matter Because ofthese assumptions he concluded that therewas no way to fix the problem So he gaveup on refracting telescopes and used acurved mirror to focus light This workedbecause light does not disperse when it isreflected His incorrect assumptions led tothe invention of the most-used instrument inastronomy the reflecting telescope

Sometimes the greatest discoveries in sci-ence are based on incorrect assumptionsBut thatrsquos okaymdashit is called science

SOMETIMESGREAT

DISCOVERIESHAPPEN BY ACCIDENT

Eye piece

Incominglight

Newtonian Telescope

Flat secondary mirror

Primary mirror

For more information visit gpesciencecom

ldquoIf I have been ableto see further it wasonly because I stoodon the shoulders ofgiantsrdquo

mdashSir Isaac Newton

Try it yourself Experiment with shining light througha prism and reflecting it from a mirror Try using severaldifferent prisms with different angles

Even GreatScientists

Make Mistakes

(t)Bill SandersonPhoto Researchers (b)Ronald RoyerScience Photo Library

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Button3
Page 28: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Earth in Space

1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape

2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape

3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field

4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth

Time and Seasons

1 Earthrsquos rotation and revolution are used tomeasure time in days and years

2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac

3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here

4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere

Earthrsquos Moon

1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth

2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days

3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon

4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 211

Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system

Interactive Tutor gpesciencecom(t)NASA Kennedy Space Center (b)NASACORBIS

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Button3
Page 29: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below

1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon

2 Earth spinning on its axis

3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun

4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions

5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun

6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon

7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same

8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator

9 attractive force between two objects

10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun

Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question

11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days

12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation

14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar

15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun

16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice

17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg

18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous

A) C)B) D)

212 CHAPTER REVIEW

ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203

revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Page 30: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter

20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks

21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet

Use the data in the table below to answer question 22

22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon

23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere

24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has

25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight

26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases

27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away

Earthrsquos Physical Properties

Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km

Diameter (through equator) 12756 km

Circumference (poles) 40008 km

Circumference (equator) 40075 km

Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km

Average distance to the Moon 384400 km

Interpreting Graphics

Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29

28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter

29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Far side crust(approx 150

km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

Near side crust(approx 65km thick)

To EarthTo Earth

CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Button3
Page 31: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

Use the illustration below to answer question 1

1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers

A binary accretion theory

B capture theory

C fission theory

D giant impact theory

2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis

A 5deg

B 115deg

C 15deg

D 235deg

3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods

A 10

B 60

C 100

D 360

4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar

A atmospheric density

B liquid water oceans

C rocky nature

D surface temperature

Use the illustration below to answer question 5

5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move

A ecliptic

B equinox

C solstice

D zodiac

6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts

A exosphere

B ionosphere

C magnetosphere

D stratosphere

EarthEarthEarthEarth

NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun

214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Page 32: The Earth-Moon- Sun System

7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun

A January

B April

C July

D September

8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month

Use the illustration below to answer question 9

9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco

10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos

11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars

12 What causes the auroras

Use the illustration below to answer question 13

13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there

PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight

San Francisco

New York

45ordm60ordm75ordm90ordm105ordm120ordm135ordm150ordm165ordm

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC

  • Physical Science with Earth Science
    • Contents in Brief
    • Table of Contents
      • Unit 1 Science and Technology
        • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
          • Launch Lab Understanding Measurements
          • Section 1 The Methods of Science
            • Science Online
            • Integrate History
            • Integrate Earth Science
            • Science Online
              • Section 2 Standards of Measurement
                • Applying Math Convert Units
                • Integrate Earth Science
                • Science Online
                • MiniLAB Determining the Density of a Pencil
                  • Section 3 Communicating with Graphs
                    • MiniLAB Graphing Temperature Change
                    • Applying Math Make and Use Graphs
                      • Lab Whatrsquos my graph
                      • Lab Developing a Measurement System
                      • Chapter 1 Study Guide
                      • Chapter 1 Review
                      • Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
                        • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                          • Launch Lab Technology in Your Life
                          • Section 1 Science and Technology
                            • MiniLAB Researching the Past
                            • Science Online
                              • Section 2 Forces that Shape Technology
                                • MiniLAB Evaluating the Benefits and Consequences of Technology
                                • Integrate Environment
                                • Integrate History
                                • Applying Science What impact does the accident at Chernobyl have on the future of nuclear power
                                • Science Online
                                  • Lab Who contributes CO2
                                  • Section 3 Developing Technology
                                    • Integrate Life Science
                                    • Integrate Career
                                      • Lab Care Package
                                      • Chapter 2 Study Guide
                                      • Chapter 2 Review
                                      • Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice
                                          • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                            • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                              • Launch Lab Compare Speeds
                                              • Section 1 Describing Motion
                                                • MiniLAB Measuring Average Speed
                                                • Science Online
                                                • Applying Math Solve a One-Step Equation
                                                • Integrate Astronomy
                                                • Science Online
                                                  • Section 2 Acceleration
                                                    • Integrate History
                                                      • Section 3 Motion and Forces
                                                        • Science Online
                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Friction
                                                          • Lab Force and Acceleration
                                                          • Lab Comparing Motion from Different Forces
                                                          • Chapter 3 Study Guide
                                                          • Chapter 3 Review
                                                          • Chapter 3 Standardized Practice
                                                            • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                              • Launch Lab The Force of Gravity
                                                              • Section 1 The First Two Laws of Motion
                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Inertia
                                                                • Science Online
                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                  • Section 2 Gravity
                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                    • MiniLAB Observing Centripetal Force
                                                                      • Lab Gravity and Air Resistance
                                                                      • Section 3 The Third Law of Motion
                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                          • Lab The Momentum of Colliding Objects
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Study Guide
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Review
                                                                          • Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                            • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                              • Launch Lab Energy Conversions
                                                                              • Section 1 The Nature of Energy
                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                • MiniLAB Interpreting Data from a Slingshot
                                                                                • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                  • Lab Bouncing Balls
                                                                                  • Section 2 Conservation of Energy
                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                    • MiniLAB Transforming Energy in a Paper Clip
                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                      • Lab Swinging Energy
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Study Guide
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Review
                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                        • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                          • Launch Lab Doing Work with a Simple Machine
                                                                                          • Section 1 Work
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                            • MiniLAB Calculating Your Work and Power
                                                                                            • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                              • Section 2 Using Machines
                                                                                                • MiniLAB Machines Multiplyiing Force
                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                  • Section 3 Simple Machines
                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                      • Lab Levers
                                                                                                      • Lab Using Simple Machines
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Study Guide
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Review
                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                        • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Relative Sizes of Earth the Moon and the Sun
                                                                                                          • Section 1 Earth in Space
                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Time and Seasons
                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling the Suns Rays at Solstice
                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing the Angle of Sunlight to Intensity
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Earths Moon
                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Phases and Eclipses
                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                      • Lab Identifying the Moons Surface Features and Apollo Landing Sites
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Study Guide
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Review
                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab The Size of the Solar System
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Planet Motion
                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Plotting Retrograde Motion
                                                                                                                            • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                  • Lab Interpreting Features of Marss Surface
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Outer Planets
                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Sizes of Outer and Inner Planets
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Life in the Solar System
                                                                                                                                      • Lab Testing Unknown Soil Samples for Life
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Review
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Expansion of a Gas
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing States of Water
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Transferring Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Comparing Thermal Conductors
                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Convection in Gases and Liquids
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Using Thermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Conduction in Gases
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Review
                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab How do waves transfer energy
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The Nature of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Wave Speed and Tension
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 The Behavior of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Experimenting with Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Measuring Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Review
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab What sound does a ruler make
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Comparing Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Mirrors Lenses and the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Experimenting with Focal Lengths
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Reflections of Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Light and Color
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Blocking Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Launch Lab Global Jigsaw Puzzle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Evolution of Earths Crust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Solve One-Step Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Demonstrating Four Types of Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Earths Interior
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling Lava Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab A Case for Pacific Plate Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Earthquake Earthquake Wheres the earthquake
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Electric Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Electric Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Charged Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Investigating Battery Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Identifying Conductors and Insulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Electrical Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Solve a Simple Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Strength of Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing Magnetic Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science How can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Making Your Own Compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Producing Electric Current
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Electricity and Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Controlling Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Can electromagnetic waves change materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 What are electromagnetic waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Investigating Electromagnetic Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Using Scientific Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Heating with Microwaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab The Shape of Satellite Dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Radio Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Radio Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Heating with Solar Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing an Efficient Water Heater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Renewable Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Using Solar Power at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Solar Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab How much does energy really cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Earths Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Visualizing Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Visualizing a Temperature Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling the Coriolis Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Earths Changing Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Investigating Microclimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Demonstrate the Distillation of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Composition of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Classifying Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Comparing Pure Substances and Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Separating Ink
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Earth Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Measuring the Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Inferring What You Cant Observe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Structure of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Modeling an Aluminum Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Masses of Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science How can radioactive isotopes help tell time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Organizing a Personal Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab A Periodic Table of Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Whats in a name
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Launch Lab Earth Materials at Home and School
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Identifying Salts Crystal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Be a Mineral Detective
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Use Percentages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Evaporites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Identifying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earths Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Launch Lab Have you got the time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Weathering and Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing a Disappearing Seasoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Graphing Soil Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Shaping the Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Modeling Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 Geologic Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Its about timemdashrelative that is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Chemical Bonds and Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Stability in Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lab Atomic Trading Cards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Types of Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLAB Observing a Bond Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Math Writing Chemical Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Applying Science Can you name binary ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Making a Hydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Rusting mdashA Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Chemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Designing a Team Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Chemical Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Classifying Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Reaction Rates and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Catalyzed Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Investigating Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 24 Solutions Adds and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Magic Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 How Solutions Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate Career
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLAB Observing the Effect of Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Calculate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Solubility and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Acids Bases and Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Observing Acid Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Strength of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Determining Acidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Saturated Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab The Size of a Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling the Strong Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Detecting Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Applying Math Use Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • MiniLAB Modeling a Nuclear Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Integrate Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab Modeling Transmutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Launch Lab Stars in the Sky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Observing the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • MiniLab Modeling a Telescope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math Use Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Evolution of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • MiniLab Counting Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Integrate Life Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lab Star Cluster Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 Galaxies and the Milky Way
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integrate Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lab Expansion of the Universe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Study Guide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scientific Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety in the Science Laboratory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Math Skill Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Math Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Science Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Formulas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Extra Math Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reference Handbook
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Physical Science Reference Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Periodic Table of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Map Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • EnglishSpanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Cross-Curricular Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Unit Openers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Geographic Visualizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Time Science and History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Oops Accidents in Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science and Language Arts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Science Stats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • LABS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Launch LAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • MiniLAB Try at Home
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Traditional Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Design Your Own Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Model and Invent Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Use the Internet Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Math
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Applying Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Integrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Science Online
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Standardized Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Student Worksheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earths Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Laboratory Activities Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 No Need to Count Your Pennies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Technological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Motion of a Bowling Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Friction Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Projectile Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Velocity and Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Energy of a Pendulum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Causing Friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Balanced Levers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Pulleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 How to Measure the Circumference of Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Measuring the Forces that Cause Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Making Craters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making a Comet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Density of a Liquid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Thermal Energy from Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Velocity of a Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Waves in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Musical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Producing a Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Tasty Quake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Tsunami in a Box
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Wet Cell Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Simple Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Comparing Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Creating Electromagnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Observing the Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Catching the Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Using the Sunrsquos Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Why Maritime Climates Are Mild
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Properties of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Chemical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Modeling the Half-Life of an Isotope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 The Colored Ribbons of Gneiss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Making Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 Whatever the Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Squeezing Water from a Well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 The Five Solutions Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Investigating Covalent and Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1 Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1 Examining Properties of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2 Acids Bases and Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1 The Effect of Radiation on Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2 Radioactive DecayndashA Simulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1 How to Measure the Distance to a Star
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 2 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mathemtics Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Probeware Labs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • To the Student
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Getting Started with Probeware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 1 Motion of a Bouncing Ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 2 Wave Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 3 Polarizing Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 4 Solutions Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 5 Conductivity of Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Lab 6 Reactions of Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Reading Essentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Reading and Writing Skill Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 23
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Activity 26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Science Inquiry Lab Manual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Laboratory and Safety Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 What is inquiry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Monitoring a Plankton Bloom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Plasma Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Predicting the Traits of Offspring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Discovering Your Learning Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Plant Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Effects of Ozone Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Measuring Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Effects of Water Quality Changes on Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Environmental Effects on Tadpole Upbringing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Study Guide and Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Mastering Standardized Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • What is in this book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Task Regimen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Test-Taking Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 1 Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 2 Science Technology and Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 2 Motion Forces and Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 3 Motion Acceleration and Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 5 Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 6 Work and Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 7 The EarthndashMoonndashSun System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 8 The Solar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 3 Energy in Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 10 Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 11 Sound and Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 12 Earthrsquos Internal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Unit 4 Forms of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 13 Electricity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Magnetism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 16 Energy Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Weather and Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Unit 5 Matter and Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 Classification of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 20 Earth Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Earthrsquos Changing Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 6 Interactions of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 24 Solutions Acids and Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies
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